Takirere Keti Wedge: Aratohu Hangarau mō ngā Kaihangarau me te Hoko

1. He aha te takirere kuaha poro pakari?

Ko te takirere kuaha poro pakari he mema matatau o tetakirere kuaha porowhānau. Ko tōna āhuatanga matua ko te kōpae kua pania katoatia ki te rauemi rapa (te nuinga o te rapa EPDM) hei utu mō te hoahoa hiri whakarewa katoa tuku iho. Ko te hanganga o tēnei hanganga he whakarato i te hiri kati-rua-aronga pono, me te karo i ngā raruraru piri me te mahi taipana-teitei e kitea ana i roto i ngā takirere kuaha poro mārō tuku iho.

He rerekē i ngā takirere kuaha porohita e mau ana i te whakarewa tuku iho, ko te kuaha o te takirere kuaha porohita pakari he tinana rino ngāwari me te paninga rapa EPDM kua whakamomonatia katoatia e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa whakaae wai inu. Ina kati, ka pā te paparanga rapa pīwariwari ki te nohoanga o te tinana takirere, kaua ki te pā pakari mai i te konganuku ki te konganuku. Mai i te tekau tau atu i 1980, kua noho ko ngā takirere kuaha porohita pakari hei whiringa matua i roto i ngā whatunga maimoatanga wai me te tohatoha, inā koa mō ngā rahi tae atu ki te DN600. I ēnei rā, kua whakawhānuihia e ngā kaihanga matua te whānuitanga ki te DN1000, ki te DN1200 rānei.

Te Hiranga mō te Hoko: He painga motuhake ngā takirere kuaha poro pakari mō te tuku wai, te rerenga wai me te maimoatanga waipara. Ka ātete pai te mata hiri rapa i te pakaru mai i ngā matūriki i roto i te reo, ā, kāore e hiahiatia te hiri tika o ngā mata hiri whakarewa, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu hanga me te tiaki.

2. He pēhea te mahi a te takirere kuaha poro?

He maha ngā hurihanga o te takirere kuaha poro: ko tōna kakau te mea e akiaki ana i te kuaha mā te nekehanga hurihuri miro. Ka neke poutū te kuaha ki te ahunga rere.

Te raupapatanga whakahaere:

1.Te KatingaIna hurihia te wira ringaringa, te kaiwhakaoho rānei ki te taha matau, ka nekehia te kēti e te kakau ki raro. Ko ngā mata hiri e rua o te kēti āhua-poro he mea hanga ki te tihi matotoru ake, ki te raro angiangi ake. I te hekenga o te kēti ki roto i ngā nohoanga tinana, ka puta he mahi hiri ā-kaha i waenga i ngā nohoanga e ngā mata poro. Ka hurihia e tēnei mahi te kaha mahi tuaka ki te pēhanga hiri radial, ā, ka tutuki he kati pūmau. He momo hiri kaha tēnei – ko te kaha hiri e ahu mai ana i te whakaoho o waho, ehara i te pēhanga raina.

2.Te whakatuwheratangaKa huri te kakau ki te taha kē, ka hiki ake i te kēti kia matara atu i ngā nohoanga, ka whakatuwhera katoa i te ara rere. Ina tuwhera katoa, ka tukuna e te takirere kēti he ara rere tika, kāore he arai, he iti rawa te ātete wai, ā, ka taea te haere o ngā poaka paipa.

3.Ngā āhuatanga whakahaereNā te mea he maha ngā hurihanga e hiahiatia ana e te kakau hei whakaoti i te whiu katoa, ka puare, ka kati mārire ngā takirere kuaha. Ka āwhina hoki tēnei āhuatanga ā-roto ki te ārai i ngā pānga o te hama wai.

He kōrero nuiKua hangaia ngā takirere kuaha wete mō te mahi tuwhera katoa, kati katoa rānei. Kaua e whakamahia hei takirere whakawhāiti. Ka pāngia te kuaha tuwhera ā-wāhanga e te wai me te pānga, ka kino pea ngā mata hiri me te whakaputa wiri me te haruru.

3. Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Takirere Keti Wedge

Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā takirere kuaha porotaka kia rite ki ētahi paearu:

3.1 Mā te Hanganga Kōpae Kūaha

I roto i ēnei, ko te hoahoa poro ngāwari e whakakotahi ana i ngā painga o ngā kōpae mārō me ngā kōpae takirua, ā, koinei te mea rongonui mō ngā takirere keti poro waenga-ki-rahi.

3.2 Mā te Whirihoranga Kākano

• Te kākano e ara ake ana (te tīwiri me te ioka o waho)– Ka neke ake, ka heke iho te kakau i a ia e mahi ana, hei tohu tirohanga mō te tūranga o te takirere.

•Kākano kore-e ara ake (tīwiri o roto)– Ka huri te kakau, kāore he nekehanga tuaka; ka neke te nati kakau ki runga, ki raro rānei. He pai mō ngā mahi he iti te teitei tāutanga.

3.3 Mā te Tikanga Whakaoho

Ā-ringa, hiko, hau, waipēhi, me ētahi atu.

3.4 Mā te Momo Hononga

He pūwero, he whakapiringa-muri, he momo-wafer, me ētahi atu.

4. Ngā Rerekētanga i waenga i ngā Takirere Kēti Wedge me ngā Takirere Kēti Whakarara

Ko ngā takirere kēti ka wehea ki ngā momo poro me ngā momo whakarara i runga i te āhua o te kēti. Ko ō rātou rerekētanga matua ko:

Aratohu kōwhiringaKōwhiria ngā takirere kuaha poro ina hiahiatia he pono teitei me te hiri rua-ahunga. Mō te mamaoa wera rawa, te wai whāngai poiha, ētahi atu ratonga rānei e auau ana te huringa wera, ka karohia e ngā takirere kuaha whakarara te piri wera, ā, he pai ake pea tēnei kōwhiringa.

5. Ngā Paerewa Hoahoa e tika ana mō ngā Takirere Keti Wedge

Me tutuki te hoahoa, te hanga me te whakamātautau i ngā takirere kuaha poro ki tētahi raupapa o ngā paerewa hangarau pakari. Mā ēnei paerewa ka whakarite te kounga, te whakawhitiwhiti me te haumaru. Kei raro nei ngā paerewa matua o te motu me te ao hei tohutoro mā ngā kaimahi hangarau me te hoko i te wā e tīpakohia ana, e whakaaetia ana hoki.

5.1 Ngā Paerewa ā-Motu Hainamana (GB) me te Ahumahi (JB)

Mō te mākete ā-rohe,Ngā Takirere Keti Wedgei te nuinga o te wā ka whai i ēnei paerewa:

I mua, i aro nui a JB/T 1739‑1992 (“Ngā huānga hanganga o ngā takirere – Te mokowā nohoanga me ngā inenga koki poro mō ngā takirere kuaha poro”) ki ngā koki poro, engari i tangohia i te tau 2005. I ēnei rā, ko te kōwhiringa koki poro e hangai ana ki ngā mahi hoahoa a te kaihanga takitahi me ngā tikanga ratonga tuturu.

5.2 Ngā Paerewa o te Ao (API, ASME, AWWA, me ētahi atu)

Mō ngā kaupapa kaweake, mō ngā hoahoa paerewa-Amerika rānei, ko ngā paerewa e whai ake nei ka whakamahia whānuitia:

5.3 Ngā Paerewa Motuhake mō ngā Takirere Keti Weri Manawanui (Ahumahi Wai)

Mō te tuku wai me te rerenga wai, kua whakawhanakehia e te American Water Works Association (AWWA) tētahi raupapa motuhake:

•ANSI/AWWA C509– Paerewa mō ngā takirere kuaha e mau ana te kaha (3 inihi me te nui ake, tae atu ki te 250 psig). E tohu ana i ngā whakaritenga mō te paninga kaha (piripiri e ai ki te ASTM D429), ngā hiri kakau, te kati mirumiru ā-rua, me ētahi atu.

•ANSI/AWWA C515– He paerewa mō ngā takirere kēti poro rino ngāwari me te ātete ki te rino nui te whānui (te nuinga o te wā he 4 inihi te whānui, neke atu rānei), me ngā whakaritenga matotoru pakitara me ngā rauemi tino pakari.

•AWWA C111/A21.11– Paerewa mō ngā hononga kapi-rapa (ā-mīhini me te hononga pana-ake), e tika ana mō ngā hononga pito-mīhini.

5.4 Ētahi atu Paerewa e tika ana

5.5 Ngā Kaupapa Matua mō te Hoko me te Whakaae

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana, e whakaae ana hoki ki ngā takirere kuaha poro, me manatoko e ngā kaimahi hoko ngā āhuatanga tutuki paerewa e whai ake nei:

1.Whakaū paerewa hoahoa– Me whakarite kia tika te hoahoa o te takirere ki te putanga paerewa (hei tauira, GB/T 12234, API 600, AWWA C509 rānei) mō te ratonga e whakaarohia ana.

2.Ahu kanohi ki te kanohi– Manatokohia mēnā e tutuki ana te roa o te takirere ki te GB/T 12221, ki te ASME B16.10 rānei hei whakarite kia taea te whakawhiti i te wāhi.

3.Hototahi o te flange– Whakaūtia kei te ōrite te paerewa flange (JB/T 79, GB/T 9113, ASME B16.5, me ētahi atu) ki te pūnaha paipa.

4.Arotake i te pūrongo whakamātautau– Tonoa ngā pūrongo whakamātautau wheketere e ai ki te JB/T 9092, ki te API 598 rānei, tae atu ki te kaha o te anga, te nohoanga o muri, me ngā hua whakamātautau turuturu nohoanga.

5.Ngā tiwhikete rauemi– Mō ngā takirere kuaha poro pakari, tikina te tiwhikete rauemi paninga EPDM me ngā pūrongo whakamātautau piri.

6.Te tirotiro tohu– Manatokohia kei te tutuki te tohu tinana takirere i ngā whakaritenga a GB/T 12220 (kaihanga, rahi, rauemi, akomanga pēhanga, me ētahi atu).

6. He aha te koki poro o te takirere kuaha poro?

Ko te koki poro tētahi o ngā tawhā hoahoa tino nui mō ngā takirere keti poro, e pā tika ana ki te pono o te hiri, te taipana whakahaere me te urutau ki te pāmahana.

6.1 Ngā Uara Koki Wera Noa

Ko te koki i waenganui i ia mata hiri me te rārangi pokapū poutū (arā, te koki poro) ka tīpakohia i ngā uara paerewa e whai ake nei:

•2°52′
•3°30′
•5° (te mea tino noa)
•8°
•10°

I roto i ēnei, ko te 5° te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ka taea te whakaaro he take motuhake te takirere kuaha whakarara me te koki poro 0°.

6.2 Ngā Āhuatanga e Pā Ana ki te Kōwhiringa o te Koki Wedge

Ko te koki porowhita e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana whakahaere o te reo:

•Ka teitei ake te pāmahana, ka nui ake te koki – ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o te herenga wera (te herenga) nā te whānui wera o te kēti.

•Mō ngā pāpāho pāmahana iti, he maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria he koki iti pēnei i te 2°52′.

•Mō ngā mahi pāmahana teitei, he pai ake ngā koki nunui ake (5°, 8°, 10° rānei).

6.3 Ngā Mātāpono Hoahoa o te Koki Wedge

Kāore te koki porowhita i te mea noa. Ko te āhua porowhita he mea hanga hei whakaputa i te pēhanga hiri ā-mīhini atu ina kati te takirere. Ko te koki iti ake ka whakaputa i te kaha hiri radial nui ake mō te haere tuaka kotahi, ka nui ake te pono o te kati, engari me nui ake te tika o te miihini, ā, he ngāwari ake te piri ki te wera. Ko te koki nui ake, he rerekē, ka pai ake te mahi me te iti ake o te mōrearea o te here, engari me roa ake te whiu kati kia puta ai te kaha hiri kotahi.

E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, i tangohia te paerewa motuhake JB/T 1739‑1992 i te tau 2005. I tēnei wā, ko te kōwhiringa o te koki poro e hangai ana ki ngā ture hoahoa a ia kaihanga me ngā tikanga ratonga motuhake.

7. Ngā Mea Tāpiri hei Whakahirahira mā ngā Tohunga Hangarau me ngā Tohunga Hoko

7.1 Ngā Tawhā Hangarau Noa mō ngā Takirere Keti Weri Manawanui

•Ngā whakatauranga pēhangaKo ngā uara noa ko PN16 (16 pae), 200 psi (13.8 pae) CWP, 300 psi (20.7 pae), me ētahi atu.

•Awhe pāmahanaKo ngā momo nohoanga rapa ka whakawhāitihia ki te ‐10°C ki te +130°C; ko ngā momo nohoanga whakarewa ka taea te tu atu i ngā pāmahana teitei ake.

•Awhe rahiDN50 ki te DN1000+.

•Ngā rauemi tinanarino maka, rino ngāwari, me ētahi atu

•Rauemi hiriRapa EPDM (taumata wai inu).

7.2 Ngā Painga Matua o ngā Takirere Kēti Wedge Manawanui

•Kore ahunga-rua―te aukati i te turuturu – mā te poro rapa pakari ka hiritia kia kore e mimiti ngā mirumiru.

•He iti te taipana whakahaere– he iti iho te waku a te rapa ki te konganuku i te waku a te konganuku ki te konganuku.

•Kāore e piri– ka taea e te poro pakari te whakapiko paku, kia kore ai e piri ki ngā nohoanga pērā i te poro mārō.

•Te roa o te ora ratonga– ka whakaitihia e ngā rauemi pakari te pakaru o ngā mata hiri.

7.3 Ngā Taunakitanga Hoko

1. Whakatauritehia ngā tikanga ratonga– Kōwhiria te koki poro e tika ana i runga i te pāmahana reo; mō ngā whakamahinga pāmahana teitei, whakaarohia ngā hoahoa poro ngāwari, ngā hoahoa kēti whakarara rānei.

2. Te tutuki i ngā paerewa– Whakaūtia kei te tutuki i te hua ngā paerewa e tika ana pēnei i te EN 1074, BS 5163, AWWA C550, me ētahi atu.

3. Te tiaki i te waikura– Tirohia te paninga o roto, o waho hoki (hei tauira, te paura epoxy honohono-hanumi – FBE).

4. Momo whakahohenga– Tīpakohia te kakau e piki ana/kāore e piki ana, te pūwhakaoho ā-ringa/hiko/hauāwhiowhio e ai ki ngā whakaritenga o te papaanga.

Ngā Takirere Keti Wedgekei roto i ngā takirere wehewehe e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha paipa. He maha ngā whakaaro hangarau e pā ana ki tā rātou whiriwhiri, tae atu ki te hoahoa hiri, te whiriwhiri koki poro, te hototahi rauemi me te tutuki i ngā paerewa. Ko te tumanako ka waiho tēnei tuhinga hei tohutoro whai hua mā ngā tohunga hangarau me ngā tohunga hoko i roto i ā rātou whiriwhiri kaupapa me ngā whakatau hoko.